Add a comment before the sudo command

content/blog/discord-sex-hack/index.md

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ tags:
   - discord-tricks
   - sed
 
+_build:
+  # won't appear on main Home page, but will in Blog
+  list: local
+
 # this will be shown for the article in list pages and in the page metadata
 # it can be either an image or video (this might change in the future, however)
 resources:

content/blog/swapfile-guide-explained/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+
+title: Swapfile guide explained
+date: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+lastmod: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+toc: true
+comments: true
+draft: true
+
+authors:
+  - bbaovanc
+
+categories:
+  - linux
+
+tags:
+  - linux-swap
+  - swapfile
+
+series:
+  - swapfile-guide
+
+# this will be shown for the article in list pages and in the page metadata
+# it can be either an image or video (this might change in the future, however)
+resources:
+  - name: feature
+    src: something.webp
+    title: Some image (image format can be anything; webp is just an example)
+
+---
+
+This page is about something. All the content before the "more" HTML comment
+below will become the summary, which will be used in list pages and in the meta
+tags on the article.
+
+Or, if you don't want your description to be at the top of the article, you can
+set your own `description` in the front matter and it will override this. See
+the [Content Summaries](https://gohugo.io/content-management/summaries/) page on
+the Hugo docs for more information.
+
+<!--more-->
+
+## Allocating the file
+
+- use `dd` instead of `fallocate`
+- https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/swapon.8.html#NOTES
+  - https://man.archlinux.org/man/core/util-linux/swapon.8.en#Files_with_holes
+
+## Options field
+
+- https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/365961/525130
+- https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/365954/525130
+- https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/blob/2ea397239683270a0fc8cd3b72ed5457f52dbda8/sys-utils/swapon.c#L699

content/blog/swapfile-guide/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+---
+
+title: How to create (or remove) a swapfile on Linux
+date: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+lastmod: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+toc: true
+comments: true
+draft: true
+
+authors:
+  - bbaovanc
+
+categories:
+  - guides
+  - linux
+  - tips-and-tricks
+
+tags:
+  - linux-swap
+  - swapfile
+
+series:
+  - swapfile-guide
+
+# this will be shown for the article in list pages and in the page metadata
+# it can be either an image or video (this might change in the future, however)
+resources:
+  - name: feature
+    src: something.webp
+    title: Some image (image format can be anything; webp is just an example)
+
+---
+
+This is a step-by-step tutorial on how to create or remove a swapfile on a Linux
+machine. Also included is the correct `fstab` entry (most articles get this
+"wrong", though it doesn't really make a difference) and reasons to use
+swap(file) in the first place.
+
+<!--more-->
+
+## Should you use swap?
+
+A common misconception is that adding swap to your system can reduce
+performance. In reality, even if you aren't running out of RAM, it can still be
+beneficial to add swap.
+
+See these points according to [an article by Hayden James][always-add-swap]:
+
+> - Even if there is still available RAM, the Linux Kernel will **move memory
+>   pages that are hardly ever used** into swap space.
+>
+> - It’s better to swap out memory pages that have been inactive for a while,
+>   **keeping often-used data in cache**, and this should happen when the server
+>   is most idle, which is the aim of the Kernel.
+>
+> - Avoid setting your swap space too large if it will result in prolonging
+>   performance issues, outages, or your response time (without proper
+>   monitoring/alerts).
+
+[always-add-swap]: https://haydenjames.io/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-space/
+
+### Should you use a swapfile?
+
+Swap partitions should be preferred because swapfiles tend to be slower and more
+complex, especially if hibernating. A swapfile might be preferred due to its
+flexibility (easy to resize), but if you use [LVM][lvm-archwiki] then you can
+easily resize the swap partition anyways.
+
+[lvm-archwiki]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LVM
+
+## Tutorial
+
+{{< include path="include/bashsession.md" markdown=true >}}
+
+### Step 1: Create the file
+
+The first step is to allocate the file.
+
+```bashsession
+# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=[size in MiB] status=progress
+```
+
+Replace `[size in MiB]` with the size of your swapfile in Mebibytes (MiB). You
+can use [this online converter](https://www.convertunits.com/from/GiB/to/MiB) to
+convert from Gibibytes (GiB, often confused with Gigabytes, but that's a
+misconception for another time) to MiB, which you can put in the command.
+
+Or you can look at this table for common sizes:
+
+{{< table >}}
+| GiB | MiB         |
+|-----|-------------|
+| 1   | count=1024  |
+| 2   | count=2048  |
+| 3   | count=3072  |
+| 4   | count=4096  |
+| 8   | count=8192  |
+| 16  | count=16384 |
+{{< /table >}}
+
+If you aren't sure how big your swapfile should be, take a look at [Table 15.1
+on this Red Hat documentation page][redhat-swap-table]. Remember that if your
+first swapfile isn't large enough, you can create another one.
+
+[redhat-swap-table]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/storage_administration_guide/ch-swapspace#tb-recommended-system-swap-space
+
+On my computer I have 32 GiB of RAM and a 16 GiB swap partition, rather than
+swapfile, because I can flexibly expand the swap partition using
+[LVM][lvm-archwiki].
+
+{{< aside example >}}
+
+To create a swapfile 4 GiB in size, you would run:
+
+```bashsession
+# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=4096 status=progress
+4096+0 records in
+4096+0 records out
+4294967296 bytes (4.3 GB, 4.0 GiB) copied, 0.960183 s, 4.5 GB/s
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 2: Change swapfile permissions
+
+The swapfile should only be readable by the system (`root` user). Run this
+command to change it:
+
+```bashsession
+# chmod 600 /swapfile
+```
+
+### Step 3: Format the swapfile
+
+Use the `mkswap` command to format the file to be used as swap (basically just
+add a header to identify it):
+
+```bashsession
+# mkswap /swapfile
+Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)
+no label, UUID=a0b87eca-b951-4344-be2d-020d77cdef48
+```
+
+### Step 4: Create an entry in `/etc/fstab`
+
+An entry needs to be added to `/etc/fstab` for the swapfile to be enabled during
+bootup. Open `/etc/fstab` in a text editor, and add this line to the end (add
+spaces to line up with other entries if you want, whitespace is ignored):
+
+```text
+/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
+```
+
+{{< aside note >}}
+
+Above, I have filled the "options" field with `sw`. This is actually a result of
+[cargo culting](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cargo_culting). On Linux, the
+`sw` option (and the [options specified by the commonly used
+`defaults`][fstab-defaults-man]) [isn't valid for `swapon` and is
+ignored][swapon-options-source]. However, the field does need to be filled out
+with something, so feel free to put something funny (do let me know in the
+comments if this somehow breaks something though).
+
+[fstab-defaults-man]: https://man.archlinux.org/man/fstab.5#The_fourth_field_(%3Ci%3Efs_mntops%3C/i%3E).
+[swapon-options-source]: https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/blob/2ea397239683270a0fc8cd3b72ed5457f52dbda8/sys-utils/swapon.c#L699
+
+If you're curious, this is my `fstab` entry (`UUID` is because I use a swap
+partition, rather than swapfile):
+
+```text
+# /dev/mapper/bobavg0-swap
+UUID=4f7c3ae8-839b-4474-b8a5-96bd78db06f8 none swap bobaswap 0 0
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 5: Enable the swapfile
+
+Adding the `fstab` entry won't enable the swapfile until a reboot. To enable it
+now, use the `swapon` command.
+
+```bashsession
+# swapon /swapfile
+```
+
+### Finally: check the swap status
+
+Use `swapon` and `free` to verify that your new swapfile has been added:
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+NAME       TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile  file   4G   0B   -2
+
+$ free -h
+               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
+Mem:            31Gi       3.6Gi        20Gi       233Mi       6.9Gi        26Gi
+Swap:          4.0Gi          0B       4.0Gi
+```
+
+{{< aside note >}}
+
+If you get an error saying that the `swapon` command was not found, try running
+it as `root` (using `sudo`). On Debian-based distributions the `swapon` command
+is not available to regular users.
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+bash: swapon: command not found
+
+# swapon --show
+NAME      TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile file   4G   0B   -2
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+## Removing a swapfile
+
+{{< aside warning >}}
+
+Be careful that the swapfile isn't being highly used because once you run
+`swapoff`, it will dump the entire contents back into RAM and may cause you to
+run out of memory.
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 1: Disable/unload the swapfile
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+NAME       TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile  file   4G   0B   -2
+
+$ # the path to the swapfile I want to remove is `/swapfile`
+
+# swapoff /swapfile
+```
+
+### Step 2: Remove the entry from `fstab`
+
+Open `/etc/fstab` in a text editor and find the line matching the swapfile you
+want to remove, and delete it. For example:
+
+```text
+/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
+```
+
+### Step 3: Delete the actual file
+
+```bashsession
+# rm /swapfile
+```

content/series/swapfile-guide/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+
+title: Swapfile Guide
+
+---
+
+A tutorial on how to set up a swapfile on Linux, but with some more depth than
+just a step-by-step.
+
+<!--more-->

content/tags/linux-swap/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+
+title: Swap (Linux)
+
+---
+
+Swap space is storage on your drive that can be used as virtual memory when the
+system is running low on physical memory (RAM). It is also used when hibernating
+(suspend to disk).
+
+More information: https://haydenjames.io/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-space/
+
+<!--more-->

content/tags/swapfile/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+
+title: swapfile
+
+---
+
+A swapfile is a file that gives your system more [swap]({{< relref
+"../linux-swap" >}}) space, which is used when the system is running low on RAM,
+or when hibernating.
+
+<!--more-->

include/bashsession.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-{{< aside tip >}}
+{{< aside info >}}
 
 Commands in this article are prefixed them with a prompt symbol (either `$` or
 `#`) which is not part of the command. Lines with no prompt symbol are output
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ $ # regular users aren't allowed to view /var/lib/docker, we need root
 builder   containerd  image    overlay2  runtimes  tmp	 volumes
 buildkit  containers  network  plugins	swarm	  trust
 
+$ # we can do the same thing using sudo
+
 $ sudo ls /var/lib/docker
 [sudo] password for bbaovanc:
 builder   containerd  image    overlay2  runtimes  tmp	 volumes

themes/bobatheme

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d34b2a56d7e50681c5b128be771e05069a42313b
+Subproject commit 7bc8a4cb57667443cfabd9144e71f6a083030c56