a

- Remove credit.html partial
- Reorganize summary template files
- Fix margin around post-title
- Remove series position indicator
- :3

.github/workflows/audit.yml

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ name: Audit
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches:
-      - master
   pull_request:
 
 jobs:
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Checkout (pull_request)
         if: github.event.pull_request
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Checkout (push)
         if: github.event_name == 'push'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -34,10 +32,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build previous commit
         run: |
-          hugo --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL https://localhost -d old/
+          hugo --buildDrafts --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL https://localhost -d old/
 
       - name: Checkout current commit
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build current commit
         run: |
-          hugo --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL https://localhost
+          hugo --buildDrafts --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL https://localhost
           cp -r public/ new/
           # copy, so that public/ stays, it will be needed for Caddy to serve
 
@@ -65,10 +63,10 @@ jobs:
           DOMAIN: localhost
         run: |
           urls="$(./changed-urls.sh)"
-          urls="${urls//'%'/'%25'}"
-          urls="${urls//$'\n'/'%0A'}"
-          urls="${urls//$'\r'/'%0D'}"
-          echo "::set-output name=urls::$urls"
+          echo "urls<<EOM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "$urls" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "EOM" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo -e "CHANGED:\n$urls"
 
       - name: Install Caddy
         if: "${{ steps.changed_urls.outputs.urls != '' }}"
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build
         run: |
-          HUGO_MINIFY_TDEWOLFF_HTML_KEEPCOMMENTS=true HUGO_ENABLEMISSINGTRANSLATIONPLACEHOLDERS=true hugo --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings
+          HUGO_MINIFY_TDEWOLFF_HTML_KEEPCOMMENTS=true HUGO_ENABLEMISSINGTRANSLATIONPLACEHOLDERS=true hugo --buildDrafts --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings
 
       # For the following steps, see
       # https://discourse.gohugo.io/t/audit-your-published-site-for-problems/35184

.github/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       url: https://bbaovanc.com
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0

.github/workflows/pull_request.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
           extended: true
 
       - name: Build
-        run: hugo --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL "https://demo.bbaovanc.com/pull_request/${{ github.event.number }}"
+        run: hugo --printI18nWarnings --printPathWarnings --baseURL "https://demo.bbaovanc.com/pull_request/${{ github.event.number }}" --buildDrafts
 
       - name: Compress
         run: |

assets/css/comments.css

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ a.isso-author:hover,
     border: none;
     padding: 2px 4px;
     border-radius: 5px;
-    font-size: 100%;
+    /* thanks isso.css for setting this to 85% for whatever reason */
+    font-size: 0.75em;
 }
 
 .isso-input-wrapper input,

content/blog/auditing-with-google-lighthouse-and-github-actions/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: Using GitHub Actions to audit my website with Google Chrome Lighthouse
 date: 2022-05-07T00:54:11-05:00
-lastmod: 2022-05-07T00:54:11-05:00
+lastmod: 2022-05-08T16:16:02-05:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 

content/blog/blog-post-newsletter/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: Newsletter for my blog posts
 date: 2022-04-30T01:00:14-05:00
-lastmod: 2022-04-30T01:00:14-05:00
+lastmod: 2022-05-23T02:17:47-05:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 

content/blog/caddy-is-the-best-webserver/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: Caddy is literally the best webserver
 date: 2021-11-13T00:43:35-06:00
-lastmod: 2022-05-02T00:54:43-05:00
+lastmod: 2023-01-16T20:57:00-06:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 

content/blog/discord-sex-hack/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: How the "Discord sex" (`s/e/x`) hack works
 date: 2022-05-11T21:11:17-05:00
-lastmod: 2022-05-11T21:11:17-05:00
+lastmod: 2022-09-24T14:56:05-05:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ tags:
   - discord-tricks
   - sed
 
+_build:
+  # won't appear on main Home page, but will in Blog
+  list: local
+
 # this will be shown for the article in list pages and in the page metadata
 # it can be either an image or video (this might change in the future, however)
 resources:

content/blog/edited-in-middle-of-message-discord/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: How to put `(edited)` in the middle of a message in Discord
 date: 2021-03-25T18:48:34-05:00
-lastmod: 2022-04-08T23:29:41-05:00
+lastmod: 2022-12-06T19:59:22-06:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 

content/blog/swapfile-guide/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+---
+
+title: How to create (or remove) a swapfile on Linux
+date: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+lastmod: 2023-01-23T20:26:18-06:00
+toc: true
+comments: true
+draft: true
+
+authors:
+  - bbaovanc
+
+categories:
+  - guides
+  - linux
+  - tips-and-tricks
+
+tags:
+  - linux-swap
+  - swapfile
+
+series:
+  - swapfile-guide
+
+# this will be shown for the article in list pages and in the page metadata
+# it can be either an image or video (this might change in the future, however)
+resources:
+  - name: feature
+    src: something.webp
+    title: Some image (image format can be anything; webp is just an example)
+
+---
+
+This is a step-by-step tutorial on how to create or remove a swapfile on a Linux
+machine, and whether you should create swap space in the first place.
+
+Also included is the most correct `fstab` entry: most articles get this "wrong"
+(but it doesn't actually matter).
+
+<!--more-->
+
+## Should you use swap?
+
+A common misconception is that adding swap to your system can reduce
+performance. However, even if you aren't running out of RAM, it can still be
+beneficial to add swap.
+
+See these points according to [an article by Hayden James][always-add-swap]:
+
+> - Even if there is still available RAM, the Linux Kernel will **move memory
+>   pages that are hardly ever used** into swap space.
+>
+> - It’s better to swap out memory pages that have been inactive for a while,
+>   **keeping often-used data in cache**, and this should happen when the server
+>   is most idle, which is the aim of the Kernel.
+>
+> - Avoid setting your swap space too large if it will result in prolonging
+>   performance issues, outages, or your response time (without proper
+>   monitoring/alerts).
+
+[always-add-swap]: https://haydenjames.io/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-space/
+
+### Should you use a swap file or partition?
+
+Swap partitions should be preferred because swapfiles tend to be slower and
+slightly more complex to set up, especially if hibernating. A swapfile might be
+preferred due to its flexibility (ease to resize), but if you use
+[LVM][lvm-archwiki] then you can easily resize the swap partition anyways.
+
+[lvm-archwiki]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LVM
+
+## Tutorial
+
+{{< include path="include/bashsession.md" markdown=true >}}
+
+### Step 1: Create the file
+
+The first step is to allocate the file.
+
+```bashsession
+# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=[size in MiB] status=progress
+```
+
+Replace `[size in MiB]` with the size of your swapfile in Mebibytes (MiB). You
+can use [this online converter](https://www.convertunits.com/from/GiB/to/MiB) to
+convert from Gibibytes (GiB, often confused with Gigabytes, but that's a
+misconception for another time) to MiB, which you can put in the command.
+
+Or you can look at this table for common sizes:
+
+{{< table >}}
+| GiB | MiB         |
+|-----|-------------|
+| 1   | count=1024  |
+| 2   | count=2048  |
+| 3   | count=3072  |
+| 4   | count=4096  |
+| 8   | count=8192  |
+| 16  | count=16384 |
+{{< /table >}}
+
+If you aren't sure how big your swapfile should be, take a look at [Table 15.1
+on this Red Hat documentation page][redhat-swap-table]. Remember that if your
+first swapfile isn't large enough, you can create another one.
+
+[redhat-swap-table]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/storage_administration_guide/ch-swapspace#tb-recommended-system-swap-space
+
+On my computer I have 32 GiB of RAM and a 16 GiB swap partition, rather than
+swapfile, because I can flexibly expand the swap partition using
+[LVM][lvm-archwiki].
+
+{{< aside example >}}
+
+To create a swapfile 4 GiB in size, you would run:
+
+```bashsession
+# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=4096 status=progress
+4096+0 records in
+4096+0 records out
+4294967296 bytes (4.3 GB, 4.0 GiB) copied, 0.960183 s, 4.5 GB/s
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 2: Change swapfile permissions
+
+The swapfile should only be readable by the system (`root` user). Run this
+command to change it:
+
+```bashsession
+# chmod 600 /swapfile
+```
+
+### Step 3: Format the swapfile
+
+Use the `mkswap` command to format the file to be used as swap (basically just
+add a header to identify it):
+
+```bashsession
+# mkswap /swapfile
+Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)
+no label, UUID=a0b87eca-b951-4344-be2d-020d77cdef48
+```
+
+### Step 4: Create an entry in `/etc/fstab`
+
+An entry needs to be added to `/etc/fstab` for the swapfile to be enabled during
+bootup. Open `/etc/fstab` in a text editor, and add this line to the end (add
+spaces to line up with other entries if you want, whitespace is ignored):
+
+```text
+/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
+```
+
+{{< aside note >}}
+
+Above, I have filled the "options" field with `sw`. This is actually a result of
+[cargo culting](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cargo_culting). On Linux, the
+`sw` option (and the [options specified by the commonly used
+`defaults`][fstab-defaults-man]) [isn't valid for `swapon` and is
+ignored][swapon-options-source]. However, the field does need to be filled out
+with something, so feel free to put something funny (do let me know in the
+comments if this somehow breaks something though).
+
+[fstab-defaults-man]: https://man.archlinux.org/man/fstab.5#The_fourth_field_(%3Ci%3Efs_mntops%3C/i%3E).
+[swapon-options-source]: https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/blob/2ea397239683270a0fc8cd3b72ed5457f52dbda8/sys-utils/swapon.c#L699
+
+If you're curious, this is my `fstab` entry (`UUID` is because I use a swap
+partition, rather than swapfile):
+
+```text
+# /dev/mapper/bobavg0-swap
+UUID=4f7c3ae8-839b-4474-b8a5-96bd78db06f8 none swap bobaswap 0 0
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 5: Enable the swapfile
+
+Adding the `fstab` entry won't enable the swapfile until a reboot. To enable it
+now, use the `swapon` command.
+
+```bashsession
+# swapon /swapfile
+```
+
+### Finally: check the swap status
+
+Use `swapon` and `free` to verify that your new swapfile has been added:
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+NAME       TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile  file   4G   0B   -2
+
+$ free -h
+               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
+Mem:            31Gi       3.6Gi        20Gi       233Mi       6.9Gi        26Gi
+Swap:          4.0Gi          0B       4.0Gi
+```
+
+{{< aside note >}}
+
+If you get an error saying that the `swapon` command was not found, try running
+it as `root` (using `sudo`). On Debian-based distributions the `swapon` command
+is not available to regular users.
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+bash: swapon: command not found
+
+# swapon --show
+NAME      TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile file   4G   0B   -2
+```
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+## Removing a swapfile
+
+{{< aside warning >}}
+
+Be careful that the swapfile isn't being highly used because once you run
+`swapoff`, it will dump the entire contents back into RAM and may cause you to
+run out of memory.
+
+{{< /aside >}}
+
+### Step 1: Disable/unload the swapfile
+
+```bashsession
+$ swapon --show
+NAME       TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile  file   4G   0B   -2
+
+$ # the path to the swapfile I want to remove is `/swapfile`
+
+# swapoff /swapfile
+```
+
+### Step 2: Remove the entry from `fstab`
+
+Open `/etc/fstab` in a text editor and find the line matching the swapfile you
+want to remove, and delete it. For example:
+
+```text
+/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
+```
+
+### Step 3: Delete the actual file
+
+```bashsession
+# rm /swapfile
+```
+
+## References
+
+### Use `dd` instead of `fallocate`
+
+See ["Files with holes" under the man page][swapon-holes-man].
+
+[swapon-holes-man]: https://man.archlinux.org/man/core/util-linux/swapon.8.en#Files_with_holes
+
+### The options field in fstab
+
+On Linux, `sw` doesn't mean anything for `swapon`, so it gets ignored. See:
+
+- [StackExchange answer 1](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/365961/525130)
+- [StackExchange answer 2](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/365954/525130)
+- [`parse_options` in the `swapon` source code](https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/blob/2ea397239683270a0fc8cd3b72ed5457f52dbda8/sys-utils/swapon.c#L699)

content/blog/text-substitution-in-discord-using-sed/index.md

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 title: Text substitution in Discord using `sed`
 date: 2021-03-25T18:48:15-05:00
+lastmod: 2021-10-19T14:02:08-05:00
 toc: false
 comments: true
 

content/blog/youtube-url-structures-you-should-know/index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 title: Youtube URL structures you should know
 date: 2021-10-30T21:20:38-05:00
-lastmod: 2022-05-02T00:59:25-05:00
+lastmod: 2023-01-16T21:04:09-06:00
 toc: true
 comments: true
 

content/series/swapfile-guide/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+
+title: Swapfile Guide
+
+---
+
+A tutorial on how to set up a swapfile on Linux, but with some more depth than
+just a step-by-step.
+
+<!--more-->

content/tags/linux-swap/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+
+title: Swap (Linux)
+
+---
+
+Swap space is storage on your drive that can be used as virtual memory when the
+system is running low on physical memory (RAM). It is also used when hibernating
+(suspend to disk).
+
+More information: https://haydenjames.io/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-space/
+
+<!--more-->

content/tags/swapfile/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+
+title: swapfile
+
+---
+
+A swapfile is a file that gives your system more [swap]({{< relref
+"../linux-swap" >}}) space, which is used when the system is running low on RAM,
+or when hibernating.
+
+<!--more-->

include/bashsession.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{{< aside info >}}
+
+Commands in this article are prefixed them with a prompt symbol (either `$` or
+`#`) which is not part of the command. Lines with no prompt symbol are output
+from the command.
+
+The `#` means to run it as `root` (usually using `sudo`):
+
+```bashsession
+$ ls /var/lib/docker
+ls: cannot open directory '/var/lib/docker': Permission denied
+
+$ # this is a comment
+$ # regular users aren't allowed to view /var/lib/docker, we need root
+
+# ls /var/lib/docker
+builder   containerd  image    overlay2  runtimes  tmp	 volumes
+buildkit  containers  network  plugins	swarm	  trust
+
+$ # we can do the same thing using sudo
+
+$ sudo ls /var/lib/docker
+[sudo] password for bbaovanc:
+builder   containerd  image    overlay2  runtimes  tmp	 volumes
+buildkit  containers  network  plugins	swarm	  trust
+```
+
+If you want to copy just the commands (for example: pasting them into your own
+terminal to run them all), press the [Copy](javascript:void(0)) button in the top right of the code
+block.
+
+{{< /aside >}}

layouts/partials/additional-head.html

@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@
     <script defer data-domain="bbaovanc.com" src="https://plausible.bbaovanc.com/js/bobalytics.outbound-links.js"></script>
     <script>window.plausible = window.plausible || function() { (window.plausible.q = window.plausible.q || []).push(arguments) }</script>
 {{ end }}
+
+<link rel="me" href="https://procursus.social/@bbaovanc" />